About Aquatics
The founding of the Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) in 1908 was a pragmatic response to an increase in international sporting events, crowned by the Olympic Games. At the first modern Olympics in 1896, three swimming contest were held. However, no universally accepted rules, regulations or definitions governed the swimming event.
The Olympic Games competitions prior to FINA had included a variety of unusual events such as underwater swimming in 1900, 200 meters obstacle swimming in 1900 and plunge for distance in 1904. Prior to the London Olympics where a 100 meter pool was used, the ocean in 1896, the River Seine in 1900, and a little lake in St. Louis, USA in 1904, had been used as Olympic sites.
In order to unify the rules and create a forum for international meetings, the leaders of the eight attending countries; Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden, met on July 19, 1908 at the Manchester Hotel in London, on the occasion of the Games of the IV Olympiad, and resolved to form a world-wide swimming association.
Priority decisions or goals were clear: to standardize the rules for swimming, diving and water polo; to obtain control of world records and to maintain an up-to-date list of these records; and finally, to ensure the direction of Olympic Games competitions for swimming, diving and water polo.
Outstanding accomplishments in the last 40 years have included the introduction of the World Championships in 1973, the first World Cups in 1979, the Olympic debut of synchronized swimming in 1984, the Short Course World Swimming Championships in 1993, the Diving Grand Prix in 1994, advances in the use of technology, specifically of electronic timing equipment; and the rapid development of the swimming program to include new events such as Masters and Open Water Swimming.
Aquatics Disciplines:
Diving
Competitors perform a series of dives and are awarded points up to 10, depending upon their elegance and skill. The points are then adjusted for the degree of difficulty, based on the number and types of maneuvers attempted, such as somersaults, pikes, tucks and twists. A reverse 1.5 somersault with 4.5 twists, for example, is among the most difficult.
A panel of seven judges traditionally scores a dive, judging such elements as approach, take-off, execution and entry into the water. Nine judges assess synchronized diving. Four judge the execution of individual dives, and five assess synchronization - how the pairs mirror height, distance from the springboard or platform, speed of rotation and entry into the water.
Swimming
Women's swimming events became a regular part of the Olympic Games in 1912, and men and women now compete in 16 events each. The program involves four different strokes across a range of distances.
Freestyle races cover 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 meters. The 800m is for women only, the 1500m for men only. The butterfly, backstroke and breaststroke races each cover 100 and 200 meters. All four strokes are used in the 200m and 400m individual medley events.
The 4 x 100m freestyle, 4 x 200m freestyle and 4 x 100m medley relays complete the program.
Each race has a maximum of eight swimmers. Preliminary heats in the 50m, 100m and 200m lead to semi-finals and finals based on the fastest times. In relays and individual events of 400m or more, the eight fastest finishers in the preliminaries advance directly to the finals.
Synchronized Swimming
Synchronized swimming emerged as an exhibition sport at the Olympic Games from 1948 to 1968, then debuted as a full medal
sport in Los Angeles in 1984. It is open only to women, with medals offered in two events: duet and team.
Competition for both events consists of a technical routine and a free routine, each performed to music within a time limit. In the technical routine, swimmers perform specific moves in a set order, including boosts, rockets, thrusts and twirls. In the free routine there are no restrictions on music or choreography. Judges of each routine look for a high degree of difficulty and risk, flawless
execution, innovative choreography and seemingly effortless performance.
The judging for synchronized swimming resembles the judging for figure skating. Two panels of five judges assess a performance, one panel scoring technical merit and the other assessing artistic impression. In both cases, each judge awards a mark out of a possible 10.
Water Polo
Eight teams qualify for the women's division at the Olympic Games while 12 compete in the men's division.
In the men's event, the qualifying teams are divided into two pools of six for a round-robin preliminary heat. The top four teams from each pool advance to the quarter-finals, and the quarter-finals winners advance to the medal rounds.
The women's teams play a full round-robin preliminary heat, with the top four teams advancing to the semi-finales. The two teams failing to advance play to determine fifth and sixth place.